A Brief Overview of Lung Adenocarcinoma

Lung cancer develops when normal lung cells transform into abnormal cells and grow out of control. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) represents the most prevalent type of lung cancer. Lung adenocarcinoma is a specific subtype of NSCLC known for its relatively slower growth compared to other forms of NSCLC. Accounting for approximately 50% of all NSCLC cases, this type is commonly seen in individuals with a smoking history. Despite its slower growth, early detection can be challenging. Therefore, it is crucial to be mindful of potential risk factors and symptoms associated with lung adenocarcinoma, ensuring timely diagnosis and treatment.

In addition to smokers or ex-smokers, these individuals may also be affected:

• Women
• Asians
• People under the age of 45
• Never-smokers

Adenocarcinoma originates from glandular cells, specifically those responsible for mucus production. This type of cancer can also appear in other organs that produce mucus, such as the stomach, breasts, colon, esophagus, pancreas, and prostate. In the lungs, adenocarcinoma is often found in the alveoli, which are tiny air sacs responsible for facilitating gas exchange.

Initially, mild symptoms like shortness of breath and fatigue might be easily overlooked or dismissed. As the cancer advances and spreads, symptoms intensify and become more difficult to ignore. A persistent and worsening chronic cough, often accompanied by blood, can be alarming. It is crucial to seek medical attention if you or someone you know experiences any of these symptoms, especially if they persist or worsen over time. Keep in mind that early detection and prompt treatment can significantly impact the chances of successful treatment and recovery.

Other symptoms that may include:

• Chest pain that can be dull, sharp, or stabbing
• Unintentional weight loss
• Shoulder pain
• Hoarse voice
• Headache and swelling of the face, arms, or neck

It is important to note that all these symptoms can also be caused by conditions that are not lung cancer.

Related: Feeling Breathless? Do Not Ignore The Signs of Lung Cancer

Did you know that smoking stands out as the leading cause of all types of lung cancer? Fortunately, anti-smoking campaigns have contributed to a reduction in the number of smokers over the years. It is noteworthy that the global incidence of lung adenocarcinomas in males has been on a decline. However, despite this progress, there is an observed increase in young, non-smoking females being affected by this disease.

The development of lung adenocarcinomas can be linked to various risk factors, including exposure to radon, secondhand smoke, air pollution, and a family history of lung cancer. These factors can amplify a person’s genetic predisposition to developing lung adenocarcinomas. The following genes are frequently found to be mutated in lung adenocarcinomas:

• EGFR
• ALK
• KRAS
• PD-L1

By understanding the various risk factors, individuals can take control of their health and reduce the likelihood of developing this potentially life-threatening condition. To secure a healthy future, it is crucial to be proactive and informed in identifying and avoiding these risks.

Related: New updates of lung cancer risk factors that you need to know

Detecting lung cancer typically involves utilizing various imaging methods that focus on the chest. These methods include chest X-ray, computerized tomography (CT) scan, positron emission tomography (PET) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound. Despite the effectiveness of these techniques in identifying lung cancer, they may not provide a definitive distinction between adenocarcinoma and other subtypes.

A definite diagnosis of adenocarcinoma is made by examining a small sample of the tumor under a microscope. This process, known as histopathology, is part of the lung cancer diagnosis. It involves assessing the microscopic appearance of the tumor cells (morphological characterization), conducting immunohistochemistry, and sometimes performing molecular or genetic tests (biomarker tests).

Biopsy methods for obtaining a tumor sample encompass bronchoscopy, needle procedures, and surgery.The current recommendation is for individuals diagnosed with metastatic NSCLC (where the cancer has spread), including lung adenocarcinoma, to undergo testing of their tumor for biomarkers. These tests offer crucial insights into cancer-driving mutations, enabling effective treatment through precision medicine and immunotherapy. Notably, precision therapies are accessible for those with specific mutations like EGFR, BRAF, ERBB2, ALK, and ROS1, among others. Identifying these biomarkers allows healthcare providers to create personalized treatment plans that cater to each patient's unique needs, ultimately improving their overall outcome.

A thorough histopathology report includes essential details such as the biopsy site, tumor size, cancer stage, identified subtype with morphological descriptions, immunohistochemistry results, molecular profile (if available), and the pathologist’s comments.

Detecting lung adenocarcinoma early can be challenging due to subtle early symptoms. However, early diagnosis is crucial for enhancing treatment outcomes. Ongoing research and personalized medicine advancements provide hope for improved outcomes and a better quality of life for those affected. Achieving an accurate diagnosis of adenocarcinoma involves a thorough approach, including comprehensive histopathology, imaging, biopsy, and biomarker tests.